In his inauguration speech, Barak Obama
repeatedly invoked the need for the country to come together as a collective
entity. “This is our moment, and we will
seize it—but only if we seize it together.”
Indeed. Later in the inauguration
ceremony, poet Richard Blanc evoked a similar and much more emotionally-infused
sentiment through his poem “One Today” in which he observed that, while we all
go about our individual tasks, we do so under the same, sun, sky, moon and
stars.
The moment seems ripe for a reawakened
ability for Americans (starting with Congress!) to work together. Whether it is politics, education or even
organizations like the Rotary Club or American Legion, things we once could
count on to bring us together seem to be under significant pressure, and the
wishes and habits of individuals and small sub-groups present themselves with
more and more strength and urgency.
Multiple meal options are expected in school lunch to accommodate
health, religious and lifestyle preferences; flexible work schedules make it
difficult indeed to attract and rehearse a community choir; community-wide
civic events and celebrations find it more and more difficult to attract
volunteers and participants. Our
president may ask us to seize our moment together, but do we have enough
practice in collective action to follow through on his urging?
Some social commentators have pointed to
what they call “affluenza” as a possible influence diminishing our ability to
engage in collective action. Briefly
described, they say that the more affluent we become as a society, the less
invested we NEED to be in fostering collective action. We become more individual in our
perspective. Instead of supporting a
local community center, we build a swimming pool in our back yard; support for
public transportation decreases as automobile ownership increases. Perspectives
understandably start to tilt away from the collective toward the individual.
What can or should be done about this? How can we strike the best possible balance
between the individual and the collective, between private and public, between
dependence and independence? In order to
balance the needs of the individual with those of collective society, it would
seem to be essential to first agree on what realms of our existence are
individual/private, and which are collective/public. I would argue that among the many factors
that hinder us from intelligently addressing these challenges, one is that the
distinction between public and private seems increasing murky in our culture.
The irony is that just when we as a society
are arriving at a place where we should/must begin to discuss public/private
balance, we seem to be losing our ability to clearly define each. What do I
mean by this? By way of illustration, I
will cite three areas where we are profoundly mixed up about the distinctions between
public and private; between individual and group behaviours.
Is a
public sidewalk (or any pedestrian egress) public or private?
This would seem to be a no-brainer. In fact when I began to type “sidewalk” into
the question above, my fingers instinctively added “public” before it—such is
the assumption society has previously made regarding this space. But look around you (if you’re a rare American
who walks anywhere!): the sidewalk is—functionally, for the majority of
users—private space. If a walker isn’t
on a cell phone, they are very likely to have their ear-buds in. Psychologically, they are in private
space—just as is the moron who loudly uses his phone call on the bus or
train. A geezer’s first impulse is to
think of most cell phone users and i-pod aficionados as rude or irritating.
Actually, they are not necessarily rude,
and may well be nice people in private life; but in a space which is legally
and traditionally public, a geezer can be irritated when run into by a text
messaging pedestrian engaged in a private moment. A similar dynamic can be observed in movie
theatres where jolly, animated people often enjoy the company of their friends,
conversing, laughing and generally having a great time. The only problem is that it isn’t their
living room, it’s a movie theatre; it isn’t private space, it’s public space
(or so the former assumption held.) Geezers
grew up in an era when a very clear distinction was drawn regarding behaviour
in a public space: you WERE quiet in the library, sweatpants were worn at the
gym and pyjamas were a garment you put on when you were going to bed. This
distinction is no longer so clear.
Is
“Business” public or private?
In our current cultural moment, many
windbags (and some geezers who have lost their way) are in thrall to what they
refer to as “private business” or “the free market.” The assumption is that these are private
endeavours and that government (and do-goody ethicists) should keep their nose
out of “private” matters. This
assumption may have been operable in the past.
The trouble we face now is that each month seems to bring us fresh
examples of how business has succeeded in blurring the public/private
distinction to their advantage. As AIG
became the largest consolidated insurance holding company in the world, and
accumulated correspondingly impressive profits, this was private business at
its most typical; when it crossed over the line of prudence and crashed upon
the rocks of credit default wagering, it became a public issue. Profit remained private, but the loss was
socialized. The same situation developed
in the student loan industry: banks would write student loans, affixing
origination fees, deferred payment fees, co-signing fees and
the-dog-ate-my-homework fees. They would
collect interest and payments. After all,
isn’t that how private banking has always worked? The beauty of the arrangement (if you are a
bank) was that if anything went wrong or a loan went into default, the federal
government would guarantee any loss.
This was Bush-era “private business”: all profit is private, all risk is
collective.
Is
the Internet public or private?
This may emerge as one of the essential
social debates of our new century.
Parents are concerned about sexting; employment counsellor’s caution job
seekers to carefully control what are contained on their Facebook page (to the
extent they can!); arguments abound about whether a parent blogging about their
child is invading the child’s privacy.
Each one is a potential minefield, and
there are explosions all over. If there
is one common thread running through many debates on Internet
culture, it is the blurring of what is private and what is public. Many
naive users open themselves to significant potential problems when they behave
like something is private when it is technologically public (or, at minimum,
easily “sharable.”)
As
outrageous examples of this type of confusion are exposed, one assumes that
these distinctions will become more clear.
But even the proliferation of e-mail is a challenge. When asked to deal with a sensitive (private)
issue through e-mail, I consider it the equivalent of a person asking to record
a conversation. I admit that such a
thought has more than a whiff of paranoia about it, but it’s a rare e-mail that
isn’t recorded and stored. Can we
consider it private? Maybe, but not with
certainty.
On the other end of the spectrum, there can
be confusion about what aspects of internet culture are identifiably public or
collective in nature. A person “tweeting”
is certainly aware that their comments are public—but is this “publicly-minded”
activity in the sense that it reaches out to others and is potentially involved
with the greater/collective good? Sometimes, perhaps. But in examining the “twittersphere” one is
struck by the degree to which commentators are focused on themselves and their own
individual activity. Geezers are second
to no one in finding themselves fascinating, but we certainly don’t expect
others to share that fascination. And we
certainly wouldn’t consider it a contribution to the public good to let others
know what brand of toothpaste we are considering switching to. Twitter is certainly a public medium when
technologically defined, but functionally, can one think of many other things
that seem so self-focused?
Another major issue that the explosion of
internet culture has raised is whether “virtual” living is equivalent to
“traditional living”—whether virtual communication is equivalent to
face-to-face communication and, analogously, whether electronic “communities”
should be considered the equivalent of traditional, face-to-face communities (“regular communities” the geezer
is tempted to say.)
In
his wonderful book Bowling Alone,
Harvard sociologist Robert Putnam comprehensively charts the demise of many of
the social structures that came to support communities through the second half
of the twentieth century. He closes with
a fairly desperate final chapter, in which he gallantly tries to make the case
for new communities being formed through electronic means. Concern for the collective good is not
diminishing, he seems to argue, it is only evolving into concern for “virtual”
or electronically mediated community. Should
we be concerned with such evolution?
Should we value those new “civic” leaders that provide the means by
which we all come “together” through electronic means in the same way we valued
traditional civic contributors in the past?
When one contemplates such questions, the very terms public/private or
collective/individual seem ill matched or obsolete.
Is
morality or honour personal or public?
Now that we’ve got warmed up on the issue,
we can tackle the big one. As discussed
above, with rising affluence, our culture has provided the greater and greater
luxury of doing things our own way. Children having their own bedrooms are more common than ever; many of us
go months—or years—without using public/shared transportation; we select our
electronic entertainment when we want from among hundreds if not thousands of
options. All well and good, but as our
lifestyles have become increasingly individualized, so has our moral perspective. In most societies of that past, an honourable
or moral person was one who subscribed to and upheld (and occasionally tried to
influence or change) the collective values of their culture or subculture, be
it their country, church, club neighbourhood or family. This was not just an altruistic impulse: in a
more dangerous, precarious world, people’s willingness to bind themselves
together and commit to a common set of behaviours could spell the difference
between military defeat or victory, economic health or collapse, or making it
through a long winter.
In our more individualized culture today,
these existential imperatives are not as strongly present; there are fewer
functional reasons to insist on individuals being consciously raised to invest
in communitarian values. As a result,
many—if not most—would today identify “morality” or “honour” as a thing within
the personal or private realm. Who among
us doesn’t believe we have a personal, informal, “code-of-honour” developed over a lifetime, upon which we rely
for guidance when faced with difficult moral or ethical dilemmas? It seems sensible, doesn’t it, that personal
honour is just that—a personal and individual thing.
The difficulty is that morality is most
needed in public (or at least interpersonal) situations. Personal morality is fine, but when invoked,
the actions one takes predicated upon that moral code almost inevitably affect (if
not come into conflict with) others. As
Brett in a provocative essay/blog at The
Art of Manliness so convincingly argues, honour is a concept that is developed
and applied between people, not within a person.
The bottom line is: America is an
individualistic nation, and our independence is important to us. Living in Europe as I now do, it is striking
to observe how governments and businesses impose their values and procedures
upon citizens with relative ease (The
“health and safety regulations that are systematically imposed by what some
critics call “the nanny state” really need to be seen to be believed.) Americans tend to have a healthy scepticism toward
mandated collective action. We don’t
want to lose our individualism; we value our privacy. But if we lose our ability to operate politely,
ethically, and morally in public, our prospects are equally grim (and much more
dangerous.) What to do? It’s hard to
say, but perhaps a place to start is to begin a discussion about what is
private and what is public.
—This article was contributed by The Professor—